If the audit policy is set to record logins, a successful login
results in the user's user name and computer name being logged as well
as the user name they are logging into.
[3] Depending on the version of Windows and the method of login, the
IP address
may or may not be recorded. Windows 2000 Web Server, for instance, does
not log IP addresses for successful logins, but Windows Server 2003
includes this capability.
[4] The categories of events that can be logged are:
[5]
The sheer number of loggable events means that security log analysis can be a time-consuming task.
[6]
Third-party utilities have been developed to help identify suspicious
trends. It is also possible to filter the log using customized criteria.
Logging is dangerous.
Attacks and countermeasures
Administrators are allowed to view and clear the log (there is no way to separate the rights to view and clear the log).
[7] In addition, an Administrator can use
Winzapper
to delete specific events from the log. For this reason, once the
Administrator account has been compromised, the event history as
contained in the Security Log is unreliable.
[8] A defense against this is to set up a remote
log server with all services shut off, allowing only console access.
[9]
As the log approaches its maximum size, it can either overwrite old
events or stop logging new events. This makes it susceptible to attacks
in which an intruder can flood the log by generating a large number of
new events. A partial defense against this is to increase the maximum
log size so that a greater number of events will be required to flood
the log. It is possible to set the log to not overwrite old events, but
as Chris Benton notes, "the only problem is that NT has a really bad
habit of crashing when its logs become full".
[10]
Randy Franklin Smith's
Ultimate Windows Security points out
that given the ability of administrators to manipulate the Security Log
to cover unauthorized activity, separation of duty between operations
and security-monitoring IT staff, combined with frequent backups of the
log to a server accessible only to the latter, can improve security.
[11]
Another way to defeat the Security Log would be for a user to log in
as Administrator and change the auditing policies to stop logging the
unauthorized activity he intends to carry out. The policy change itself
could be logged, depending on the "audit policy change" setting, but
this event could be deleted from the log using Winzapper; and from that
point onward, the activity would not generate a trail in the Security
Log.
[5]
Microsoft notes, "It is possible to detect attempts to elude a
security monitoring solution with such techniques, but it is challenging
to do so because many of the same events that can occur during an
attempt to cover the tracks of intrusive activity are events that occur
regularly on any typical business network".
[12]
As Benton points out, one way of preventing successful attacks is
security through obscurity.
Keeping the IT department's security systems and practices confidential
helps prevent users from formulating ways to cover their tracks. If
users are aware that the log is copied over to the remote log server
at :00 of every hour, for instance, they may take measures to defeat
that system by attacking at :10 and then deleting the relevant log
events before the top of the next hour.
[10]
Log manipulation is not needed for all attacks. Simply being aware of
how the Security Log works can be enough to take precautions against
detection. For instance, a user wanting to log in to a fellow employee's
account on a corporate network might wait until after hours to gain
unobserved
physical access to the computer in their cubicle; surreptitiously use a
hardware keylogger to obtain their password; and later log in to that user's account through
Terminal Services from a
Wi-Fi hotspot whose IP address cannot be traced back to the intruder.
After the log is cleared through Event Viewer, one log entry is
immediately created in the freshly cleared log noting the time it was
cleared and the admin who cleared it. This information can be a starting
point in the investigation of the suspicious activity.
In addition to the Windows Security Log, administrators can check the
Internet Connection Firewall security log for clues.
Writing false events to the log
It
is theoretically possible to write false events to the log. Microsoft
notes, "To be able to write to the Security log, SeAuditPrivilege is
required. By default, only Local System and Network Service accounts
have such privilege".
[13] Microsoft Windows Internals
states, "Processes that call audit system services . . . must have the
SeAuditPrivilege privilege to successfully generate an audit record".
[14]
The Winzapper FAQ notes that it is "possible to add your own 'made up'
event records to the log" but this feature was not added because it was
considered "too nasty," a reference to the fact that someone with
Administrator access could use such functionality to shift the blame for
unauthorized activity to an innocent party.
[8]
Server 2003 added some API calls so that applications could register
with the security event logs and write security audit entries.
Specifically, the AuthzInstallSecurityEventSource function installs the
specified source as a security event source.
[15]
Admissibility in court
The
EventTracker newsletter states that "The possibility of tampering is
not enough to cause the logs to be inadmissible, there must be specific
evidence of tampering in order for the logs to be considered
inadmissible".
[16]
>>>>
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